Researchers, including one of Indian-origin, have found that the plastic mulch used to support the growth of strawberries sheds large quantities of plastic mulch fragments.
These particles have been shown to negatively impact soil qualities, casting doubt on the long-term viability of their use.
The findings from the survey are likely to apply world-wide to plastic use in agricultural production.
“What we are seeing is a huge quantity of macroplastic plastic material — particles bigger than 5mm across — being shed where the mulch is used to enhance strawberry production. These can remain in the soil for decades or longer,” said postdoctoral researcher Dr Ekta Tiwari, from Sistla group at California Polytechnic State University.
Tiwari presented the work at the ongoing Goldschmidt geochemistry conference in Lyon, France.
Plastics, such as polyethylene, are increasingly used in agriculture, for example in polytunnels. Plastic mulch films are extensively used in agriculture, where they provide a range of benefits.
They are tucked in around the base of the plant, which can help control weeds and pathogens, reduce water evaporation, and prevent soil splashing on fruit (which is particularly important for strawberries). The mulch is applied in rows and then removed after the crop’s seasonal production is complete.
However, even careful land stewardship by farmers does not ensure all the plastic is removed because fragments get left behind and adhere to the soil during removal.
After decades of annual plastic mulch application and removal, the researchers observed the accumulation of plastic fragments within farm soils, even in really well-managed fields.
The researchers looked for macroplastics, which are plastic pieces more than 5mm across.
“On field surfaces alone, we found up to 213,500 macroplastic particles per hectare (10,000 square metres). That doesn’t include subsurface particles, which we did not survey. In addition, we are currently analysing the same soil samples for microplastics, which are smaller particles, less than 5mm across; these are not yet included in our findings,” Tiwari said.
Most of the particles are polyethylene. In preliminary findings, the researchers found that as the levels of macroplastic pollution increased, soil moisture content, microbial respiration, and plant-available nitrogen declined.
Dr. Tiwari added: “The plastic mulch provides benefits, but at the expense of long-term soil quality. It’s difficult and expensive to remove these particles from the soil, so once they are there they can stay there indefinitely.”
“We tend to think that strawberries are simply things to be enjoyed, but this shows that even something as delicious as fresh strawberries can come with a cost to the environment. We are working with the manufacturers to see if we can mitigate these costs.”
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